نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 53، زمستان 1391)

Invasive diarrhea is a self-limited disease but its antibiotic treatment not only reduces the disease marking time، but also excretion of the microbes and، consequently، a decrease in the pathogenicity of the disease. The present study was conducted to compare patients'' resistance to ciprofloxacin and to azithromycin in non-amoebic acute dysenteric. In this clinical- trial study 84 patients suffering from non-amoebic dysentery were selected through successive sampling، and were randomly divided into two groups. One group was administered Ciprofloxacin 500mg every 12 hours، the other group Azitromycin 250mg daily (every 24 hours). Then patients examined after 48 hours to see the probable improvement of their previous clinical symptoms. Besides، their first day feces culture was assessed. The obtained data was fed into SPSS software (V: 1/3)، and then it was analysed using X2 statistical test at the significant level α=0. 05. for afebrility and decreased diarrhea. data analyzed in using test. Out of 84 patients، shigella was diagnosed in 41 (48. 8%)، 18 patients of whom (43. 9%) had been treated with azitromycin and 23 cases (56. 1%) had received ciprofloxacin. In 14 samples (16. 7%) other microbes had grown (e. g. Salmonella، Campylobacter jejuni، Escherichia Coli). Antibiogram of 55 patients showed that 32 (58. 2%) of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and 41 subjects (74. 5%) to azitromycin. On the third day of treatment the clinical response of the patients was assessed through their probable fever and diarrhea. It was found that 29 cases (93. 5%) in azitromycin group and 31 patients (88. 5%) in ciprofloxacin group were a febrile. Thus، no significant difference between the two groups was observed (P=0. 6). The present study proved that Azitromycin and Ciprofloxacin have the same efficacy in treating non-amoebic dysentery

Stress increasing which is a consequence of technological development can complicate the function of body organs and tissues. Regarding the role of the cerebellum in harmonizing physical movements، the present study was conducted to assess the effects of chronic stress on cerebella cortex of rats. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups. One was the control group، and the other was the stress group (the experimental group). The stress group were exposed to different types of stress such as food deprivation، water deprivation، imposed restraint in 4 degrees C temperature، forced swimming، and isolation for 10 days while the animals in the control group were kept in their cages without any interventions. After the exposure time، the animals were anesthetized and their cerebellums were removed and weighed. After preparing microscopic slides of the right lobe and staining them with Hematoxiline and Eosin، the number and the size of Purkinje cells، and the thickness of the molecular layer of cerebella cortex were determined using Image Tool software. Finally، the obtained data was statistically compared and P<0/05 was taken as the significant level. The present study showed that mean number and mean size of Purkinje cells in the stress group significantly decreased (6. 17±1. 87 and 89. 75±14. 7، respectively) compared to those (8. 43±1. 65 and 96. 68±17. 25، respectively) of the control group (P<0. 001، P<0. 004)، but the thickness of molecular layer of cerebellum in the stress group indicated no significant difference compared to the control group. The present study showed that chronic multiple sequential stresses can have negative effects by reducing the size and number of Purkinje cells in rat cerebella cortex.

Regarding the effects of dill extracts on the reproductive system of the female sex reported by many researches، in، the present study the effects of aqueous fraction of this extract were investigated. In this experimental study، 40 adult female rats were divided into 5 groups: control، low and high doses of aqueous fraction of extract (0. 5 and 5 g/kg، respectively) and low and high doses of ethanol and aqueous extract (0. 045 and 0. 45 g/kg، respectively) of dill seed. The animals were gavaged with 1 ml of the mentioned doses for 10 days. At the end of the experiment، blood samples were taken from their dorsal aorta to measure progesterone and estrogen concentration. The ovaries and uteri of the subjects were removed. Then histomorphometrical changes and intensity of reaction of glycoconjugates of ovary and uterus were measured using ConA، UEA، PNA، DBA، SBA lectins. The female rats were mated with male ones (4 in each group). Finally، the number of fetuses and their CRL and weight were measured. Duration of diestrus phase under high dose of aqueous extract increased 2 times compared to the control group. Uterus thickness، longitudinal and transverse diameters of ovaries، granulosa cells of corpus luteum diameters of the experimental groups decreased 1. 5 to 2 times compared to the control group''s. Female rats of the experimental groups did not get pregnant. Intensity of reactions of α-mannose، N-acetyl glucosamine، and N-acetyl galactoseamine of endometrium and ovarian cell surfaces changed after being stained by ConA، DBA and SBA. Oral administration of ethanol fraction and aqueous dill seeds extracts can induce infertility in female rats.

Human cutaneous infections are caused by a homogeneous group of kreatinophilic fungi، called Dermatophytes. Such infections are accounted as a principle public health، at present. Microsporum gypseum a cause of baldness in Iran. Cases occur sporadically due to Microsporum gypseum in puppies and soil and is transmitted to humans. Since these pathogenic dermatophytes are eukaryotae، their chemical treatment with antifungal drugs may also affect host tissue cells. Thus، the present study aimed at determining antifungal effects of terrigenous actinomycetes agents on these pathogens. In this experimental study، 100 terrigenous actinomycetes isolates derived from soil of Kerman city were studied in order to assess their antifungal effect on microsporum gypseum. The fungi were obtained from Persian Type Culture Collection (PTCC) in the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST). Electron microscope studies and the physiological properties of these antagonists; such as، lipase activity، amylase، protease، and chitinase active isolates were performed according to the relevant protocols. The present study showed that actinomycete isolates containing Ks10، Kn10، and 115 had the most antagonistic in vitro effect on Microsporum gypseum. Electron Microscope images revealed various forms of spores، mycelia، and spore chain morphology. The findings of the present research show that terrigenous actinomycetes have an antifungal effect upon Microsporum gypseum. So، one hopes that-in future-rather than administering antifungal chemicals that have side-effects، dermatophytic infections can be cured by applying these actinomycetes.

Phenol and its derivatives are toxic pollutants، frequently found in surface and tap waters، and in aqueous effluents from various manufacturing processes such as petroleum and petrochemical، coal conversion، synthetic rubber، plastics، paper، oil refineries and phenol-producing industries. In the present study efficacy of Moringa peregrina seed extract in phenol removal was investigated. The present research was an experimental one performed in a batch system to find out the efficacy of Moringa peregrina seed extract، as a natural coagulant، in removing phenol from aqueous solutions. To do so، the effects of major operating variables such as coagulant dose (0. 05–4 ml/L)، initial phenol concentration (5، 10، 20، 50 and 100 mg/l) and pH (3-9) were also investigated. It was found that the optimum pH for phenol removal through coagulation using Moringa peregrina seed extract was 5 with coagulant dose 0. 1 ml/L and the highest removal was found to be 94. 13%، 95. 69%، 98. 04%، 98. 14% and 99. 34% at initial phenol concentration 5، 10، 20، 50 and 100 mg/L respectively، as a result of precipitation، co-precipitation and adsorption mechanisms. According to the obtained results، Moringa peregrina seed extract، with respect to its high efficacy، can be used as an effective، efficient، and inexpensive coagulant in removing phenol from aqueous environments.

Availability and low cost of date stones make them useful as raw material in the preparation of activated carbon. Cyanide، because of its toxicity for humans and aquatic organisms، is one of the most important health problems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cyanide removal from aqueous solutions and determine influencing parameters in its adsorption into activated carbon prepared from date stones.

In this experimental study، activated carbon was prepared by using an electrical furnace giving out 750°C temperature for 100 min. The effect of pH (2-12)، cyanide concentration (100-300 mg/L) and activated carbon dosage (0. 25-2 g/L) on the absorption process were explored. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the mean absorption rate was reported.

The maximum adsorption capacity of 50. 21 mg/g corresponded with Langmuir model. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the adsorption of cyanide ions by the adsorbent clearly followed the pseudo-second order rate reaction. The absorption was pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was done by solutions having pH 9. At an optimum pH 9، over 97% removal of 100 mg/L cyanide was attained for an adsorbent dose of 1. 25 g/L during a 40 min contact time.

Activated carbon prepared from date stones is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for removing of different concentrations of cyanide from water and wastewater.

Valsartan as a receptor antagonist angiotensin-II (AngII) is used to treat blood pressure disorders and affects various tissues of the body. Thus،the present study was performed to investigate the effect of Valsartan on the axis of the pituitary-gonadal axis in mature female rats. In this research، 40 mature female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 member groups including control، sham and experimental groups. Initially، all the animals were homogenized through intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate and progesterone. Then the animals of sham group daily received 1 ml of olive oil (solvent) and the experimental groups were gavaged daily doses of 100، 200 and 400 mg/ Kg Wt، of Valsartan The control group members were not Administered anything. All drugs were administered for 21 days and at the end of the period، through deriving blood from the heart of animals the required serum was prepared by means of relevant hormonal kits to measure the levels of FSH، LH، estrogen and progesterone. The obtained data was evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey tests، and P< 0/05 was taken as the significant level. Statistical results analysis showed that Valsartan caused a significant reduction in hormones of FSH، LH، estrogen and progesterone. Valsartan، as a receptor antagonist of Ang II inhibits the secretion of gonadotropin hormones and accelerates their effect on blocking the follicular cells of the female sex، causing the reduction of female hormones.

Amalgam is used in dentistry cautiously، due to the toxicity of mercury in dental amalgam. Dentists are exposed to mercury vapor in their routine occupational practice، which can be harmful to their health. The aim of the present study was to measure urinary mercury concentrations in general dentists and restorative specialists in Mashhad in 2010. This cross-sectional and analytical study was performed on 45 general dentists، 10 restorative specialists، and 70 controls without any exposure to mercury. A 20 ml urine sample was taken from each of the cases before each one''s routine occupational practice. Mercury concentration of urine was measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrometry. The obtained data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA، Duncan tests، and SPSS software (V: 11. 5) at the significant level α=0. 05. Mean (SD) urine mercury level of general dentists was 9. 26± 2. 70 µg/l and 9. 13± 1. 73 µg/l in general dentists and the restorative specialists، respectively; and 1. 84± 1. 73 µg/l in the control group. There was no significant difference between urine mercury level of the general dentists and restorative specialists (P=0. 833). Urine mercury levels of general dentists and restorative specialists were greater than that of the control group (P=0/000، P=0/001، respectively). Although the urinary mercury concentrations in dentists is higher than that in the control group، it does not reach the toxic level.

Epilepsy is a prevalent disorder، and seizures are، among significant reasons for referring to emergency wards. This causes horror and anxiety of the patient and his/her family. The present study mainly aimed at evaluating MRI and EEG findings in referring patients with epilepsy and seizure. This descriptive-analytical study، evaluated sixty over- 18 patients with epilepsy from April 2009 through April 2010 presented with seizure in Birjand Vali-e-asr hospital. Pseudo seizure cases، pregnant women with seizure، items with non-initial seizure، and those whose seizure was associated with pyrexia were excluded from the study. After getting the history of the subjects and their examination، the results of diagnosing measures (i. e. EEG، CT، MRI) were recorded in a questionnaire. The obtained data was then analysed by means of SPSS (V: 13) at the significant level α=0. 05. Sixty patients whose mean age was 34. 4 years were assessed generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures were reported in 78. 4%. Initial EEG was abnormal in 51. 7%، but specific findings were reported to be abnormal in 19. 3%. Brain CT and MRI examinations were abnormal in 35% and 50%، respectively. As revealed by MRI scans، the most common trauma was hippocampal sclerosis (30% were abnormal)، and the most common epileptogenic trauma spot was the temporal lobe (46. 7%) MRI was abnormal in 29% of patients<30-or equal to 30 yrs and in 72. 4% of subjects over 30 yrs (P=0. 001). Besides، it was found that epilepsy was abnormal in Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (42. 6%) and in other kinds of seizure (76. 9%); P=0. 03. It was found that EEG and brain MRI almost reveal specific features of epileptic cases only in 10% of the subjects، while it is abnormal in 51. 3% of all patients with epileptic seizures. Thus، it is more sensitive than CT (35%) and even MRI (50%). MRI has a tangible advantage in showing the kind and position of trauma.

Various studies indicate that increasing and complicating use of cell phones in all age groups and in both sexes is associated with aggression. Despite the widespread use of mobile phones in Iran، psychological and behavioral effects of addiction to it and the consequences have not been investigated yet. The present study aimed at determining prevalence of mobile dependency and its relationship with aggression during adolescence in Birjand in 2011. In this descriptive-analytical study، 637 students were selected through randomized double-stage cluster sampling. In order to gather relevant data، two questionnaires including Hyun young Koo 2009 cell phone dependence questionnaire and Perry aggression questionnaire، which dealt with 4 aspects، i. e. physical، verbal، furious، and antagonistic aggression were used. The obtained data was analysed by SPSS software (V: 15) using X2، independent T، variance analysis، and Pearson''s correlation coefficient statistical tests at the significant level P=0. 05. Out of 637 student''s aged15-20 years، 95. 3% (611cases) were moderately dependent on mobile using، 3/4% (22 subjects) ere acutely dependent، and 1. 2% (8 students) were addicted to cell phone using. There was no Significant difference between the intensity of dependence on cell phone and age، sex، education، number of phone calls; and daily received and sent messages. It was found that there was a corresponding relationship between mobile dependence on mobile association to aggression. According to the present study mobile dependence and aggression in adolescents is less than that in some other studies; yet، it is necessary to make interventions to prevent such problems.

Noise pollution is recognized as a major problem in urban areas. Therefore، the current study was aimed to determine noise pollution indices in Birjand old districts. In this cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study، noise measurement was performed by means of «CEL» sound level meter (model 450. 490). Equivalent noise level «Leq 10 min» was measured within four daily periods and within two periods at night، according to the procedures recommended by BS 7445-1-2003، as well as BS 7445-3-1991 standard، at each station. The obtained data was analysed using SPSS software (v; 16) by means of statistical tests Pearson and T-test The findings of the study showed that day-night mean sound level (Ldn) was significantly higher than the standard level in all stations (P>0. 05). The highest day–night mean sound level and maximum noise level belonged to Motahhary street (72. 2 dB) and Taleghani street (85. 9 dB). There were signifigant differences between day-night mean sound level and maximum allowable threshold in working day (P<0. 005) and holiday (P<0. 005). Since the level of noise pollution is critical especially along Taleghani Street which passes right through the city and along Emam Reza Hospital، as a sensitive area، it is necessary to design and apply suitable measurements، as well as to consider the level of their effectiveness in order to decrease noise pollution.

Pain is a health problem and major problem of childhood. It is one of the most common symptoms that children experience in hospitals. Pain alleviation prevents from severe complications and side-effects. Mothers are among the key individuals who have the most interactions with pain experiencing children. They can prevent further problems by appropriate assessing and managing of pain in children. The purpose of the present study was to determine mothers'' knowledge of pediatric pain management in Birjand Valli-e-asr hospitals in 2011.

In this descriptive and cross-sectional study mothers of hospitalized children in Birjand Valli-e-asr hospital who were available were selected. After ensuring that they were content with and cooperate in the study، a researcher designed questionnaire was filled out through interview. The questionnaire included demographic questions (10 items) and knowledge questions (49 items) of the nature، symptoms، complication، and management of pain. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (V: 11. 5) at the significant level P<0/05.

Mean score the mothers'' knowledge of pediatric pain management was 19. 5±4. 34 (of the total 49 points); that is، the majority of them had low knowledge of pediatric pain management. No statistically significant relationship was found between education level، age، number of children، history of hospitalization of child/ children، and the mothers'' level of knowledge of pain management in children.

The mothers have low knowledge of their pain management in their children''s without any considerable relationship to some contextual factors. Planning for educational programmes with respect to managing children''s pain is recommended.

Peliosis hepatis is a rare liver disease characterized by blood-filled cavities scattered irregularly throughout the liver. Risk factors for peliosis include chronic illness such as AIDS، tuberculosis، cancer also use of some drugs such as anabolic steroids and azathioprine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the curative properties of crocus sativus petals on induced peliosis hepatis in rats. Thirty two male Wistar rats (weight: 180-220 g) were randomly divided into four equal groups: group 1 (healthy group) received only IP normal saline، group2 received IP 80mg/kg. bw gentamicin، group3 IP 80mg/kg. bw gentamicin+ 40mg/kg crocus sativus petal extract، and group 4 was given IP 80mg/kg. bw gentamicin+ 40mg/kg crocus sativus petal extract. At the end of the experiment، the rats were anesthetized and their blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for AST and ALT measurement. Then، the livers of the subjects were excised and fixed in formalin. It was found that AST significantly increased in gentamicin group (P<0. 05) compared to the healthy group and groups treated by means of crocus sativus petal extract. Moreover، there was no significant differences between the groups administered the extract and those given gentamicin. Histologically،heterogeneous multiple blood-filled cavities were observed in gentamicin group (2) and the treatment groups (3 and 4). The results of the present study show that doses of hydroalcoholic extract of crocus sativus do not effect on peliosis hepatic and telangiectasis due to gentamicin sulfate in rats

A 44 year old woman presented with decreased vision and floaters، started since 4 days before، in her right eye referred to our ophthalmology clinic. On examination، it was found that the best corrected visual acuity was limited to R-E: 20/80 and that of the left eye: 20/20. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed a rhegmatogenous subclinical retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage 15 months after surgery for myopia، but the left fundus was normal. Barrier diod laser photocoagulation around the tear was done. Subclinical retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage resolved one month after barrier laser photocoagulation، but visual acuity of patient reduced to 3/200 due to development of macular pucker.